READING PRACTICE 
MAKES PROGRESS OF YOUR WRITING,

Believe it or not, the more you read the more richer your diction in writing!

Text can be classified into several types. The term of 'type' is sometime  stated as genre'. These types of text are;

1.	Analytical Exposition	8.	Explanation
2.	Anecdote	9.	Hortatory Exposition
3.	Descriptive	10.	Report
4.	Narrative	11.	Spoof
5.	Procedure	12.	Recount
6.	News Items	13.	Review
7.	Discussion

These classification on type of text are based on analysis of three main elements of text. These elements of text are:

The purpose of the text; why is the text made?, what is text made for by its writer

The generic structure of the text; analyzing the used structure in composing the text, in what way is the text constructed by its writer.

The language feature; taking a look at the linguistic characterization of the text, what kind of language feature is used to build the text by its writer.

 REVIEW

What is review text?

1.   Definition

Review is one of text genres. This classification of text types is commonly based on the structure which used by the writer to compose his text. Each text type will have different form of generic structure. As I said in my previous post, review text usually has generic structure as:

2.   Generic Structure

Introduction:  it  is  the  highlight  of  the  general  description  about  what  will  be reviewed. It can be product, services which want to be sold, or just a site which want to be known publicly. Then it will drive more traffic into the site.

Evaluation: the second phase is coming inside into the product in details. It states the parts, uniqueness, quality of the product which will be known publicly. However too much detail description will “teach” the will-buyer and it does not sound good. Evaluating as far as necessary for the targeted buyer is more genuine. The term of evaluation will not be far from simple word of good or bad. In this phase reviewer will apply much evaluative word, valuable, useful, worthy, etc.

Interpretation: after writing about the objective thing of the product, it is the time for reviewer to write about what he thinks or impresses on the product. Of course this phase can be done after getting enough evaluation on the product. It is personal idea about the product. Frequently to support and strengthen his idea or impression, a reviewer describes a comparison to other similar product. He states in which side the product has additional value or honestly admitted that the product lacks value in certain side.

Summary: this phase is recommending conclusion for reader of the product. After

clearly explanation, a reviewer will make a final comment whether the product is valuable or not for targeted buyer. This phase is the worth of the review for reader.

3.   Dominant Language features:

1. Focus on specific participants

2. Using adjectives

3. Using long and complex clauses

4. Using metaphor

4.   Examples and structures of the text

Example of Review text

A.  Zenni Optical; a site for eyeglasses

Eyeglasses will become more and more important. It is not only because for protecting our eyes from the hot light but also for holding the trend. There are a lot of online sites which provides products of eyeglasses but Zenni Optical was on FOX news! is just the perfect one. If we visit the site, we will easily catch various information about eyeglasses. The site is quite simple but very informative. It is real, easy and not complicated design. With quick loading this site will bring us quickly in to what we want.

There  is  information about Variable Dimension  Frames From Zenni. Titanium, aluminum and rimless frame are available. The eyeglasses are designed for different  users. Eyeglasses for children, woman and man are available choice. Again, what makes it different is this site gives the Great Eyeglasses For Less cost. The product can be sold in cheap price because it has cut the marketing link. It straightly goes to the end user.

B.  Good Translation

Translation is transferring not only words by word but also message to message. In certain case, it will be quite difficult to make translation. How is to make good Arabic translation from English phrase of “as white as snow” meanwhile there is no snow in Arabian?

The  basic  requirement  of  a  good  translator  is mastering  resource  and  target  language  with  all  non- linguistic aspect . If he is an English translator and wants to make Hindi translation, he should understand well the language and aspect of India. Similarly, if he works with

 

C.   Recording Mommy Journey

Life itself is a journey. For Rosemarie, a pretty young Filipino single mother for 2- year kid, the daily activities are worthily documented. The site is her effort to record of what she did, does and will do daily.

The  site  consists  of  several  topic;  family,  motherhood,  shopping,  money,  love fashion and shopping. These topics are close related to her own life. She is not only young but also pretty and she has a kid. These topics will be useful to her. Rosemarie is also interested with making money, internet, business, computer, loan and other interesting stuff. She is a widely knowledge mom. The template design of her site is very girly, pink centered. She has arranged her site very attractive, fresh and bright. Again, this physical appearing site must represent her personal mood because she is a young and pretty mom. I like this site and you, young mothers, surely will like the site too.

D.  Good Young Mother

It is about a young mother. It has a title of yummy mummy. This blog is representative of her idea of becoming young mother. He pours her thought and opinion on this blog in relating her position of a mother of kid and a wife of a husband. Beside that, she is trying to monetizing it This blog has fresh physical appearance. She choose green border of her template. She is young therefore she has to have a blog look fresh and energetic. She looks to have strong care to her baby that is why we find her monthly calendar of feeding milk to her baby attaches on the header of the blog. She is not only a good mother for her baby but also a good wife for her husband. She expresses it in her post labeled wedding anniversary. It is a romantic scene. In the last she is monetizing this blog. It must help her husband support financially the family. It is really a reference blog for every young mother and wife.

E.   Recommended Software Applications

Software application have grown to their density. A lot of software have been offered to us. They claim that they are the best product. A buyer is really a king. He/she has so many choices to select which he/she likes most. In one side, this phenomenon present us comparable software products but, in the other hands, it make us complicated to choose.

Due to this complex phenomenon of consumer, a review site is necessary. It will be a recommending bridge between consumer and producer. A good reviewer will place his/her self in the middle arena. He/she will not tend to specially software producer or absolutely consumer. He/she just presents the real description of the product. He/she will observes to  find  the good and  bad  side of the product. In the last, he/she will recommends whether the reviewed products deserve to choose or not. That is really helpful for consumer.

SMALL NOTES

Review (Ulasan atau tinjauan) 

Ciri Umum:

(a)    Tujuan Komunikatif Teks:

Melakukan kritik terhadap peristiwa atau karya seni untuk pembaca atau pendengar halayak ramai, misalnya film, pertunjukan, buku, dll.

(b)    Struktur Teks:

  Pengenalan;(orientation)

  Evaluasi 1;

  Evaluasi 2;

  Tafsir;(Interpretive)

  Evaluasi 3;

  Evaluasi 4, dsb. Jika ada;

  

Rangkuman (Evaluative Summation)

(c) Ciri Kebahasaan: Terfokus pada partisipan tertentu;

Menggunakan:

•       adjectives menunjukkan sikap, seperti bad, good;

•       klausa panjang dan kompleks;

•       metafor. 

Farsi translation, he has to be familiar with linguistics and non-linguistics of Farsian.

However, translation providers can bridge that difficulty. The translation experts, such as India translation will help to fix the problem. The experts who have grammatical, lexical, sociolinguistics specialization will match in transferring the message from one language to another language.

PRACTICE MAKES PROGRESS,

to make improvement, so let's practice, guys!!!!

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Form

 RECOUNT

What is Recount?

1.   Definition of Recount

Recount is a text which retells events or experiences in the past. Its purpose is either to inform or to entertain the audience. There is no complication among the participants and that differentiates from narrative

2.   Generic Structure of Recount

1. Orientation: Introducing the participants, place and time

2. Events: Describing series of event that happened in the past

3. Reorientation: It is optional. Stating personal comment of the writer to the story

3.   Language Feature of Recount

• Introducing personal participant; I, my group, etc

• Using chronological connection; then, first, etc

• Using linking verb; was, were, saw, heard, etc

• Using action verb; look, go, change, etc

• Using simple past tense

4.   Examples and structures of the text

Example of Recount text

A.  Vacation to London

Mr. Richard’s family was on vacation. They are Mr. and Mrs. Richard with two sons. They went to London. They saw their travel agent and booked their tickets. They went to the British Embassy to get visas to enter Britain. They had booked fourteen days tour. This includes travel and accommodation. They also included tours around London  They boarded a large Boeing flight. The flight was nearly fourteen hours. On the plane the cabin crews were very friendly. They gave them news paper and magazine to read. They gave them food and drink. There was a film for their entertainment. They had a very pleasant flight. They slept part of the way. On  arrival  at  Heathrow  Airport,  they  had  to  go  to Customs and Immigration. The officers were pleasant. They checked the document carefully but their manners were very polite. Mr. Richard and his family collected their bags and went to London Welcome Desk. They arranged the transfer to a hotel. The hotel was a well-known four-star hotel. The room had perfect view of the park. The room had its own bathroom and toilet. Instead of keys for the room, they inserted a key- card to open the door. On the third floor, there was a restaurant serving Asian and European food. They had variety of food. The two week in London went by fast. At the end of the 14-day, they were quite tired but they felt very happy.

B.  Between Recount and Narrative

Something which happened in the past is the main resource to compose both recount and narrative text. In writer's point of view, the thing is an experience. It can be what the writer has done, hear, read, and felt. Composing recount and narrative is retelling the experiences of the past event to be a present event. What does recount differ from narrative? The easiest way to catch the difference is analyzing the generic structure. Recount text presents the past experiences in order of time or place; what happened on Sunday, then on Monday, the on Tuesday. In simple way, recount describes series of events in detail. It does not expose the struggle on how to make them happen. The event happened smoothly. On the other hand, narrative introduces crises and how to solve them. Narrative text always appear as a hard portrait of participant's past experience. It reveals the conflict among the participants. Cinderella's conflicts with her step mother and sister are the example. The conflict is the most important element in a narrative text. Narrative without conflicts is not narrative any more.

C.   Visiting Bali

 

There were so many places to see in Bali that my friend decided to join the tours to see as much as possible. My friend stayed in Kuta on arrival. He spent the first three days swimming and surfing on Kuta beach. He visited some tour agents and selected two tours. The first one was to Singaraja, the second was to Ubud. On the day of the tour, he was ready. My friend and his group drove on through mountains. Singaraja is a city of about 90 thousands people. It is a busy but quiet town. The street are lined with trees and there are many old Dutch houses. Then they returned very late in the evening to Kuta. The second tour to Ubud was a very different tour. It was not to see the scenery but to see the art and the craft of the island. The first stop was at Batubulan, a center of stone sculpture. There my friend watched young boys were carving away at big blocks of stone. The next stop was Celuk, a center for silversmiths and golden smiths. After that he stopped a little while for lunch at Sukawati and on to mass. Mass is a tourist center My friend ten-day-stay ended very quickly beside his two tour, all his day was spent on the beach. He went sailing or surfboarding every day. He was quiet satisfied.

D. My Horrible Experience

Let me  remind  you  my experience during an  earthquake last week. When  the earthquake happened, I was on my car. I was driving home from my vocation to Bali.

Suddenly my car lunched to one side, to the left. I thought I got flat tire. I did not know that it was an earthquake. I knew it was an earthquake when I saw some telephone and electricity poles falling down to the ground, like matchsticks. Then I saw a lot of rocks tumbling across the road. I was trapped by the rock. Even I could not move my car at all. There were rocks everywhere. There was nothing I could do but left the car and walked along way to my house, in the town. When I reached my town, I was so surprised that there was almost nothing left. The earthquake made a lot of damage to my town. Although nothing was left, I thanked God that nobody was seriously injured.

E.   My Grandpa’s Funeral in Toraja

Last month my family and I went to Toraja to attend Grandpa’s funeral. It was my first time to go to such a ceremony. We gathered there with our kin in the ceremony.

Overall, the ceremony was quite elaborate. It took about a week. Several days before the ceremony was done, grandpa’s body was kept in a series of houses arranged in a circular row around an open field called Tongkonan. His corpse was dressed in a fi ne wearing.

The  funeral  was  performed  in  two  phases.  First,  we  slaughtered  the  pigs  and buffaloes, and then moved the corpse to face north. In this ceremony we wore black clothes. After that, the corpse was placed in a sandal wood coffin. Then, it was brought out of the house and placed on an open platform beneath the granary. Meanwhile, my uncle, my brother, and I prepared the wooden puppet and a funeral tower called Lakian. The next phase of the ceremony was held in this place. The coffin is borne from the house and placed in the Lakian. During the day, there were also buffalo matches. They were great matches. In the night, we were feasting, chanting, and dancing. On the last day, the grandpa’s coffin were lowered from the funeral tower and brought up to the mountain side family graveyard. It was followed by great shouting and excitement from the relatives and the guests. Finally, we installed the wooden puppet on a high balcony where other puppets representing the members of a whole family were already there. The funeral ceremonies made my family and me tired. However, we were grateful because it ran smoothly

Small Notes

Recount (Laporan peristiwa, kejadian atau kegiatan masa lampau)

Ciri Umum

(a) Tujuan Komunikatif Teks: Melaporkan peristiwa, kejadian atau kegiatan dengan tujuan memberitakan atau menghibur. 

(b)    Struktur Teks/Generic structure

Orientation; Pengenalan, yaitu memberikan informasi tentang siapa, di mana dan kapan;

Events; Rekaman peristiwa,kejadian atau kegiatan yang terjadi, yang biasanya disampaikan dalam urutan kronologis; Komentar pribadi dan/atau ungkapan penilaian;

Re-orientation; Pengenalan ulang yang merangkum rentetan peristiwa, kejadian atau kegiatan.

(c)   Ciri Kebahasaan: Menggunakan:

• nouns dan pronouns sebagai kata ganti orang, hewan atau benda yang terlibat, misalnya David, the monkey, we dsb.

• action verbs atau kata kerja tindakan, misalnya go, sleep, run dsb.

• past tense, misalnya We went to the zoo; She was happy dsb.

• conjunctions dan time connectives yang mengurutkan peristiwa, kejadian atau kegiatan, misalnya and, but, then, after that, dsb.

• adverbs dan adverb phrases untuk mengungkap tempat, waktu dan cara, misalnya yesterday, at my house, slowly dsb.

• adjectives untuk menerangkan nouns, misalnya beautiful, funny, dsb. 

PRACTICE MAKES PROGRESS,

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Form

SPOOF

What is Spoof?

1.   Definition and Social Function of Spoof

Spoof is a text which tells factual story, happened in the past time with unpredictable and funny ending. Its social function is to entertain and share the story.

2.   Generic Structure of Spoof

1. Orientation

2. Events

3. Twist

3.   Language Feature of Spoof

1. Focusing on people, animals or certain things

2. Using action verb; ate, ran, etc

3. Using adverb of time and place

4. Told in chronological order

4.   Examples and structures of the text

Example of Spoof text

A.  “That Phone is Off”

    He took him to a policeman and said, ‘ I have just found this penguin. What should I do?’ The policeman replied, ‘ take him to the zoo’.

    

    The next day the policeman saw the same man  in the same park and the man was still carrying the penguin  with him. The policeman was rather surprised and walked up  to the man and asked, ‘Why are you still carrying that penguin about? Didn’t you take it to the zoo?' ‘I certainly did,’ replied the man. ‘ and it was a great idea because he really enjoyed it, so today I’m taking him  to the movies! Soon after he left college, Dave found one of his uncles who was very rich and had no children of his own died and left him a lot of money, so he decided to set up his own real estate agency.

    

    Dave found a nice office. He bought some new furniture and moved in. he had only been there for e few hours when he heard someone coming toward the door of his office. “It must be my first customer” Dave thought. He quickly picked up the telephone and pretended to be very busy answering an important call from someone in New York who wanted to buy a big and expensive house in the country. The man knocked at the door while this was going on. He came in and waited politely for Dave to finish his conversation on the phone. Then the man said to Dave; “I am from the telephone company and I was sent here to connect your telephone” 

B.  Saved by Stilts

    The king wanted to test Abu Nawas’ smartness. So he invited Abu Nawas to the palace. “You want me, your Majesty?” greeted Abu Nawas. “Yes, you have fooled me three times and that’s too much. I want you to leave the country. Otherwise you will have to go to jail” said the king. “If that is what you want, I will do what you said” said Abu Nawas sadly. Then “Remember, from tomorrow you may not step on the ground of this country anymore” the king said seriously. Then Abu Nawas left the king palace sadly.

   

     The following morning the king ordered his two guards to go to Abu Nawas’ house. The guards were very surprised found Abu Nawas still in his house. He had not left the country yet. Instead leaving the country, Abu Nawas was swimming in small pool in front of his house. “Hey Abu Nawas, why haven’t you left this country yet? The king ordered you not to step on the ground of this country anymore, didn’t he?” said the guards. “Sure he did” answered Abu Nawas calmly. “But look at me! Do I step on the ground of this country? No, I do not step on the ground. I am swimming on the water” continued Abu Nawas.

   

     The guards were not able to argue with Abu Nawas so they left Abu Nawas’ house and went back to the palace. The guards reported what they had seen to the king. The king was curious on Abu Nawas’ excuse not to leave the country. Therefore the king ordered his guard to call Abu Nawas to come to the palace. 

Abu Nawas came to the palace on stilts. The king wondered and said “Abu, I will surely punish you because you haven’t done what I have said. You have not left this country”. The King continued “And now, look at you. You walk on stilts like a child. A re you crazy? The king pretended to be furious. “I remember exactly what you said, Your Majesty” Abu Nawas answered calmly.

    

    “This morning I took a bath in the small pool in my house so that I had not to step on the ground. And since yesterday, I have been walking on this stilts. So you see, Your Majesty, I do not step on the ground of this country”. The king was not able to say anything.

(Adapted from S. Harianto’s Abu Nawas and King Aaron)

C.   Private Conversation

Last  week  I  went  to  the  theatre.  I  had  a  very  good  seat.  The  play  was  very interesting. I did not enjoy it. A young man and a young woman were sitting behind me. They were talking very loudly. I got very angry. I could not hear the actors. I turned around. I looked at the man and the young woman angrily. They did not pay any attention. In the end, I could not bear it. I turned around again. “I could not hear a word” I said angrily. “It’s none of your business” the young man said rudely. “This is a private conversation”

(From: English New Concept)

D.  Nasreddin’s Coat

    One day Nasreddin had been invited to the dinner party. He went to the party by wearing old clothes. When he arrived in the party, nobody looked at him and nobody gave him a seat. He got no food in the party so he went home and change his clothes Next he put on his best clothes. He wore his newest coat and went to the party again. The host at once got up and came to meet him. 

    The host offered him the best table and gave him a good seat and served him the best food Nasreddin sat and put off his coat. He put his coat and said; “Eat the food, Coat!” the hosts and guests were very surprised and asked Nasreddin; “What are doing?” Nasreddin replied calmly; “When I came here with my old clothes, nobody looked at me. Then I went home and put on my best clothes. I came back in my newest coat and you all give me this best food and drink. So, you give food to my coat instead of me”. Getting Nasreddin's answer, they just shook the head.

E.   Penguin in the Park

Once a man was walking in a park when he across a penguin. He took it to a policeman and said; "What should I do?" The policeman replied; "Take it to the zoo!". 

The next day, the policeman saw the man in the same park. The man was still carrying the penguin. The policeman was rather surprised and walked up to the man and asked; "Why are you still carrying the penguin? Didn't you take it to the zoo?" The man replied; "I certainly did. And it was a great idea because the penguin really enjoyed it. 

So, today I am taking it to the movie".

Small Notes

Spoof (Laporan kejadian atau peristiwa lucu)

Ciri Umum:

(a)    Tujuan Komunikatif Teks: Menceritakan kejadian, peristiwa aneh atau lucu berdasarkan

kejadian atau peristiwa dalam kehidupan nyata yang bertujuan menghibur, yang biasa diakhiri dengan sesuatu yang tidak diharapkan (twist).

(b)   Struktur Teks/Generic structure

  Pengenalan;

  Kejadian/peristiwa/kegiatan 1;

  Kejadian/peristiwa/kegiatan 2;

  Twist (akhir yang tidak terduga atau lucu).

(c)    Ciri Kebahasaan:

$ Terfokus pada orang, binatang, benda tertentu;

$ Menggunakan action verbs, misalnya eat, run;

$ Menggunakan keterangan waktu dan tempat;

$ Menggunakan past tense

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Form

 REPORT

What is Report?

1.   Definition of Report

Report is a text which presents information about something, as it is. It is as a result of systematic observation and analysis

2.   Generic Structure of Report

1.   General classification: Stating classification of general aspect of thing; animal, public place, plant, etc which will be discussed in general

2.   Description: Describing the thing which will be discussed in detail; part per part, customs or deed for living creature and usage for materials

3.   Language Feature of Report

•    Introducing group or general aspect 

•    Using simple present tense

4.   Examples and structures of the text

Example of Report Text

A.  Platypus; a report text

Many people call platypus duckbill because this animal has a bill like duckbill. Platypus is a native Tasmania and southern and eastern Australia.

Platypus has a flat tail and webbed feet. Its body length is 30 to 45 cm and covered with a thick, and woolly layer of fur. Its bill is detecting prey and stirring up mud. Platypus' eyes and head are small. It has no ears but has ability to sense sound and light. Platypus lives in streams, rivers, and lakes. 

Female platypus usually dig burrows in the streams or river banks. The burrows are blocked with soil to protect it from intruders and flooding. In the other hand, male platypus does not need any burrow to stay.

Small Notes

Report

Ciri Umum:

(a)  Tujuan Komunikatif Teks:

Menyampaikan  informasi  tentang  sesuatu,  apa  adanya,  sebagai  hasil  pengamatan  sistematis  atau analisis. Yang dideskripsikan dapat meliputi gajala alam, lingkungan, benda buatan manusia, atau gejala - gejala sosial. Deskripsi sebuah teks report dapat berupa simpulan umum, misalnya, ikan paus termasuk binatang mamalia karena ikan tersebut melahirkan anaknya.

(b) Struktur Teks/Generic structure:

General Clasification; Pernyataan umum yang menerangkan subjek laporan, keterangan, dan klasifikasinya.

Description:tells what the phenomenon under discussion ; in terms of parts, qualities, habits or behaviors; Gambaran dari fenomena yang akan didiskusikan seperti bagian – bagiannya, kebiasaan atau tingkah laku jika benda hidup, kegunaannya jika non natural.

(c)  Ciri Kebahasaan: Menggunakan:

•   general nouns, seperti ‘Reptiles in Comodo Insland’, dsb.

•   relating verbs untuk menjelaskan ciri, misalnya reptiles are scary animals (ciri ini berlaku untuk semua reptilia), dsb.

•   action verbs dalam mejelaskan perilaku, misalnya lizards cannot fly, dsb.

•   present tense untuk menyatakan suatu yang umum, misalnya Komodo dragons usually weight more than 160 kg, dsb.

•   istilah teknis, misalnya water contains oxygen and hydrogen, dsb.

•   paragraf dengan topik sentence untuk menyusun sejumlah informasi.

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Form